Immunotherapies and COVID-19 related Neurological manifestations: A Comprehensive Review Article.

In December 2019, an outbreak of pandemic severe respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) initially occurred in China, has spread the world resulted in serious threats to human public health. Uncommon neurological manifestations with pathophysiological symptoms were observed in infected patients including headache, seizures, and neuroimmunological disorders. Regardless of whether these neurological symptoms are direct or indirect casual infection relationship, this novel viral infection has a relevant impact on the neuroimmune system that requires a neurologist's careful assessment. Recently, the use of immunotherapy has been emerged in fighting against COVID-19 infection despite the uncertain efficiency in managing COVID-19 related disorders or even its proven failure by increasing its severity. Herein, the author is addressing the first approaches in using immunotherapies in controlling COVID-19 viral impact on the brain by highlighting their role in decreasing or increasing infection risks among subjects. This point of view review article supports the use of immunotherapies in managing COVID-19 neurological disorders but in optimal timing and duration to ensure the maximum therapeutic outcome by reducing morbidity and mortality rate. Based on recently published data, the current review article highlights the beneficial effects and drawbacks of using immunotherapies to combat COVID-19 and its neurological symptoms.

Can the coronavirus infection penetrates the brain resulting in sudden anosmia followed by severe neurological disorders?

Serious of unpredictable drawbacks of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infectious disease caused by SARS-COV-2 on the nervous system, have been widely noticed among the huge number of infected people. It was found that this type of newly revolving pandemic infection mainly infects the human respiratory tract causing mild to moderate symptoms, however, the hidden door side of COVID-19 is via penetrating the brain, revealing a huge threat especially to elderly people who are more susceptible to its severe side effects and even death to more extent. Almost 80% of COVID-19 patients suffer from severe neurological manifestations including dizziness, headache, unconscious, irritability, dysfunction in smell, and taste accompanied by muscle fatigue. Herein, we are trying to address the direct neuroinvasive pathway of COVID-19 into human brain cells which is mainly through the olfactory route leading to long-term neurological complications. In addition to highlighting the ability of COVID-19 infection to intensify a pre-existing AD to a more prominent severe stage. The other thing to emphasize is whether AD patients with a highly prominent activation of local immune responses are more or less exposed to getting infected with COVID-19. Along with underlying the hypothesis that the susceptibility to COVID-19 infection may lead to a future risk for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD).